| [command] & | You can continue to use the shell | eclipse & |
| [command] && [command] | Command will be executed one after the other | eclipse && kate |
| man [program] | Show the manual of the program | man cp |
| Control + C | Cancel the current process of in the shell | strg + C |
| Directory, files |
| cd [directory] | Change the directory | cd /tmp |
| cd .. | Change on one hierarchy higher | cd ../ |
| cd / | Change to the root directory | cd / |
| cd | Change the directory | cd .. ; cd /tmp |
| cd - | Change to the previous directory | cd - |
| cp [options][file][directory] | Copy file into the directory ,ask before overwrite and print verbose information | cp -vi 123.txt /tmp |
| mv [options][file][directory] | Move a file, ask before overwrite and print verbose information | mv -vi 123.txt /tmp |
| mv [file1][file2] | Rename file [file1] to [file2] | mv 123.txt 456.txt |
| rm [options][file] | Remove a file, ask before remove and print verbose information | rm -vi /tmp/123.txt ; rm /tmp/* |
| rm -rf | Remove all below the directory | rm -rf /tmp/ |
| mkdir | Make a directory | mkdir /home/test |
| rmdir | Remove a directory | rmdir /home/test |
| ls | List the content of a directory | ls /home/test |
| ls -l | Detailed list of the content | ls -l /home/test |
| ls -la | All files of the directory in Detail | ls -la /home/test |
| alias ls='ls –color' | Set a colored display | alias ls='ls --color' |
| pwd | Show the current directory | pwd |
| cat [file] | Show the content of a file | cat 123.txt |
| more [file] | Show the content of a file page by page | more 123.txt |
| touch [file] | Create an empty file | touch 123.txt |
| whereis [Prog] | Search for a program | whereis eclipse |
| find . | grep [file] | Search for a file in the current directory | find . | grep 123.txt |
| grep [KEYWORD] [file] | Search for a keyword in a file | grep whatever 123.txt |
| locate [file] | Locate file in a database | locate 123.txt |
| updatedb | Update database | updatedb |
| which | Show, where the program is placed | which eclipse |
| System |
| arch | Processor family | arch |
| cat /proc/filesystems | Supported filesystems | cat /proc/filesystems |
| cat /proc/cpuinfo | Information about CPU | cat /proc/cpuinfo |
| dmesg | grep sd | Information about all drives | dmesg | grep sd |
| date | Date and time | date |
| dmesg | Kernel logger: shows Kernel activities | dmesg |
| free | Show usage of memory | free |
| kill [PID] | Kill the process with the corresponding ID | kill 1067 |
| killall [Prog] | Kill process with the specific name | killall eclipse |
| lspci [options] | Information about the PCI components (-v for detailed output) | lspci -v |
| shutdown -h now | Shutdown the PC | shutdown -h now |
| shutdown -r now | Reboot the PC | shutdown -r now |
| top | Show program name and CPU load | top |
| uptime | Show the uptime of the PC | uptime |
| X -version | Show the version of Xfree | X -version |
| Hard disk |
| df | Show the disk space | df -h |
| fdisk | Partition the hard disk | fdisk /dev/sda |
| mkfs.vfat | Format the hard disk with vfat | mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1 |
| mkfs.ext3 | Format the hard disk with ext3 | mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1 |
| sync | Save the buffered data on hard disk | sync |
| Mount |
| mount | Mount a volume to the system | mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/win |
| mount -t [Filesystem] | Mount a volume to the system with the specific file system | mount -t ntfs /dev/sda5 /mnt/win_xp |
| mount -a | Mount a volumes from /etc/fstab | mount -a |
| mount -r | Volume is read-only | mount -r /mnt/win |
| mount -w | It is also allowed to write on the volume | mount -w /mnt/win |
| mount -m | Mount without an entry in /etc/mtab | mount -n /mnt/win |
| User |
| id | Show user and group | id |
| whoami | Show the current user | whoami |
| who | Show all logged in users | who |
| groupadd [group] | Create a new group | groupadd admins |
| groupdel [group] | Delete a new group | groupdel admins |
| useradd -m [user] | Create user and home directory | useradd -m chef |
| userdel -r [user] | Delete user and home directory | useradd -m chef |
| passwd [user] | Change password of the user | passwd chef |
| su | Work as root in the shell | su |
| su [user] | work as specific [user] in the shell | su chef |
| Network |
| ifconfig | Show network information | ifconfig |
| ping [PC] | Test connection to a PC | ping 192.168.0.1 |
| Kernel and modules |
| lsmod | Show all loaded modules | lsmod |
| make menuconfig | Setup the Kernel | cd /usr/src/linux;
make menuconfig |
| modprobe [module] | Load a module | modprobe e1000 |
| uname -a | Show Kernel version | uname -a |
| Misc. |
| ps aux | Show all running processes and services | ps aux |
